Crisis hipercalcémica, presentación inusual de adenoma paratiroideo: reporte de 2 casos / Hypercalcemic crisis, unusual presentation of parathyroid adenoma

La crisis hipercalcémica (CH) es una emergencia endocrina inusual, definida por la presencia de calcemia > 14 mg/dl asociada a disfunción renal, alteraciones cardiovasculares, gastrointestinales y del sensorio; también podría considerarse en pacientes con síntomas graves y calcemia menor. El hiperparatiroidismo primario (HPTP) y las neoplasias malignas son las etiologías más comunes de la hipercalcemia (90% de los casos); sin embargo, rara vez el primero se presenta como CH. Debido a la alta mortalidad asociada a esta entidad, es de gran importancia establecer diagnóstico y tratamiento precoces. Presentamos dos pacientes con crisis hipercalcémica como primera manifestación del HPTP, el 1.° con bloqueo auriculoventricular (AV) completo y el 2.° con pancreatitis aguda. La anatomía patológica (AP) reveló adenoma oxifílico en ambos casos, que es una variante histológica poco frecuente y puede manifestarse clínicamente de forma grave. Conclusiones: los adenomas paratiroideos son causa poco frecuente de CH. Consideramos el tipo histológico observado (adenoma oxifílico) como probable factor condicionante. La pancreatitis y especialmente el bloqueo AV son manifestaciones poco frecuentes de la CH. Resaltamos la importancia de la determinación de los niveles de calcio dentro de la evaluación inicial de todo paciente con bloqueo AV. (AU)

Hypercalcemic crisis (HC) is an unusual endocrine emergency, defined as the presence of serum calcium > 14 mg/dl related to kidney dysfunction, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal and sensory disturbances. It could also be considered in patients with severe symptoms and lower serum calcium levels. Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and malignant neoplasms are the most common hypercalcemia etiologies (90% of cases), nevertheless, the former hardly ever occurs as HC. Due to the high mortality associated with HC, it is crucial to establish early diagnosis and treatment.We report two patients with HC as the first manifestation of PHPT; the former with atrioventricular (AV) block and the latter with acute pancreatitis. Pathology revealed oxyphilic adenoma in both cases, which is an infrequent histological variant that can have a severe clinical manifestation. Conclusions: parathyroid adenomas are a rare cause of HC. We consider the histological type observed (oxyphilic adenoma) as a probable conditioning factor. Pancreatitis and especially AV block are rare manifestations of HC. We emphasize the importance of determining calcium levels in the initial evaluation of all patients with AV block. (AU)

Nelore females along a new Brazilian agricultural frontier: hematological and clinical-biochemical approaches / [Abordagens hematológicas e bioquímicas clínicas de fêmeas Nelore na nova fronteira agrícola brasileira]

The Nelore breed is the second largest bovine breed in the world and has actively participated in the expansion of new Brazilian agricultural frontiers. In this context, the purpose of this study was to determine the hematological and biochemical reference intervals of healthy Nelore matrices raised under an extensive regime without supplementation along southwest of Piauí state. Blood samples were collected from fifty-five multiparous female of the Nelore breed. Biochemical and hematological parameters were analyzed using a parametric statistical method with 95% CI of reference limits. The average values of red blood cells, hemoglobin as well as hematimetric indices showed reference ranges similar to reference standards. The hematocrit as well as granulocytes and agranulocytes presented alterations typical of animals raised in environments with higher temperatures. Mineral, enzymatic, protein and metabolic profiles were similar to other bovine breeds but with a narrower range of values. However, lower mean values were observed for levels of ionized calcium, total protein and urea. Nelore females present slightly different biochemical and hematological profiles from other breeds, which might result from the environmental and nutritional management applied and the natural deficiency of nitrogen, phosphorus and calcium in the region's pastures.(AU)

Nelore é a segunda maior raça bovina do mundo e tem participado ativamente da expansão das novas fronteiras agrícolas brasileiras. Nesse contexto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar os intervalos de referência hematológicos e bioquímicos de matrizes Nelore criadas em regime extensivo sem suplementação, ao longo do sudoeste do estado do Piauí. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas de 55 fêmeas multíparas da raça Nelore. Os parâmetros bioquímicos e hematológicos foram analisados por método estatístico paramétrico com IC 95% para os limites de referência. Os valores médios de hemácias, hemoglobina e índices hematimétricos apresentaram intervalos de referência semelhantes aos padrões de referência. Tanto o hematócrito quanto os granulócitos e os agranulócitos apresentaram alterações típicas de animais criados em ambientes com temperaturas mais elevadas. Os perfis mineral, enzimático, proteico e metabólico foram semelhantes aos de outras raças bovinas, mas com uma faixa de valores mais estreita. No entanto, valores médios mais baixos foram observados para os níveis de cálcio ionizado, proteína total e ureia. Fêmeas Nelore apresentam perfis bioquímicos e hematológicos ligeiramente diferentes de outras raças, o que pode resultar dos manejos ambiental e nutricional aplicados e da deficiência natural de nitrogênio, fósforo e cálcio nas pastagens da região.(AU)

Negative association between 25-hydroxyvitamin D and inflammatory markers in rheumatologic diseases / Asociación negativa entre 25-hidroxi vitamina D y los marcadores inflamatorios en enfermedades reumatológicas

Objective: The main purpose of this study was to evaluate serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) levels and its association with in"ammatory markers in patients with rheumatologic diseases (RD). Methods: A cross-sectional study in 154 women with RD (rheumatoid arthritis, spondyloarthritis and other connective tissue diseases) and 112 healthy individuals as a control group (CG) was carried out. Results: No differences in serum and urine calcium, serum phosphate, and urinary deoxypyridinoline were found. RD group had lower 25OHD and higher PTH compared to CG. RD group had higher C-reactive protein (CRP) and erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) compared to CG. The overall mean level of 25OHD (ng/ml) was 26.3±12.0 in the CG and 19.4±6.8 in the RD group (p<0.0001). Moreover, CG had lower percentage of individuals with 25OHD de!ciency compared to RD (29.9% vs 53.2%). The femoral neck BMD was signi!cantly lower in postmenopausal RD women compared to CG. 25OHD levels signi!cantly correlated with ESR and CRP as in"ammatory markers. Age, BMI, presence of RD, and CRP were signi!cantly and negatively associated with 25OHD levels through linear regression analysis. According to univariate logistic regression analysis for 25OHD deficiency (<20 ng/ml), a significant and negative association with BMI, presence of RD, ESR and CRP were found. Conclusion: Patients with RD had lower 25OHD levels than controls and the presence of a RD increases by 2.66 the risk of vitamin D de!ciency. In addition, 25OHD has a negative correlation with ESR and CRP as in"ammatory markers. (AU)

Objetivo El objetivo principal de este estudio fue evaluar los niveles séricos de 25-hidroxivitamina D (25OHD) y su asociación con marcadores inflamatorios en enfermedades reumatológicas. Materiales y métodos: Se realizó un estudio transversal en 154 mujeres con enfermedades reumatológicas (artritis reumatoide, espondiloartritis y otras enfermedades del tejido conectivo) y 112 individuos sanos como grupo control (GC). Resultados: No se encontraron diferencias en el calcio sérico y urinario, el fosfato sérico y la desoxipiridinolina urinaria entre el GC y los sujetos con enfermedades reumatológicas. El grupo de pacientes con enfermedades reumatológicas tenía 25OHD más bajo y PTH más alto en comparación con el GC. Asimismo, el grupo de individuos con enfermedades reumatológicas tenía proteína C reactiva (PCR) y velocidad de eritrosedimentación (VES) más altas en comparación con el GC. El nivel de 25OHD (ng/ml) fue 26,3±12,0 en el GC y 19,4±6,8 en el grupo con enfermedades reumatológicas (p<0,0001). Además, el GC presentó un porcentaje menor de deficiencia de 25OHD en comparación con el grupo con enfermedades reumatológicas (29,9% vs 53,2%). La DMO del cuello femoral fue significativamente menor en las mujeres posmenopáusicas con enfermedades reumatológicas en comparación con el GC. La 25OHD correlacionó significativamente con la VES y la PCR como marcadores inflamatorios. El análisis de regresión lineal mostró que la edad, el IMC, la presencia de una enfermedad reumatológica y la PCR se asociaron significativa y negativamente con los niveles de 25OHD. Mientras que el análisis de regresión logística univariada mostró que la deficiencia de 25OHD (<20 ng/ml), se asoció significativa y negativamente con el IMC, la presencia de una enfermedad reumatológica, la VES y los niveles de PCR. Conclusiones: Los pacientes con enfermedades reumatológicas tenían niveles de 25OHD más bajos que los controles y la presencia de una enfermedad reumatológica aumenta en 2.66 el riesgo de deficiencia de vitamina D. Además, la 25OHD mostró correlación negativa con la VES y la PCR como marcadores inflamatorios. (AU)

Recidiva del hiperparatiroidismo secundario a enfermedad renal crónica en diálisis luego de la paratiroidectomía / Recurrence of secondary hyper¬parathyroidism in dialysis patients after parathyroidectomy

La paratiroidectomía (PTX) es la terapia de elección en el hiperparatiroidismo secundario a enfermedad renal crónica (HPT-ERC) resistente al tratamiento médico. El objetivo del presente estudio fue evaluar el resultado de la PTX a largo plazo y sus factores predictores. Métodos: estudio unicéntrico retrospectivo observacional. Se incluyeron 92 pacientes con HPT-ERC en diálisis, en quienes se realizó la primera PTX en el Hospital Italiano de Buenos Aires entre 2006 y 2015 con seguimiento ≥ 6 meses. Se consideró persistencia del HPTERC con PTH > 300 pg/ml en el semestre posoperatorio, y recidiva con PTH > 500 pg/ml luego. Resultados: edad: 43,6±12,8 años, 50% mujeres, mediana 4,6 años de diálisis, PTH preoperatoria mediana 1639 pg/ml. A 39 se les realizó PTX subtotal (PTXS) y a 53 total con autoimplante (PTXT+AI). Se observó persistencia en 16 pacientes (17,4%). Presentaron recidiva 30 de 76 pacientes con adecuada respuesta inicial (39,5%; IC 95 28,5-50,5). La mediana de tiempo hasta la recidiva fue de 4,7 años (RIC 2,3-7,5). Los pacientes con recidiva presentaron mayor calcemia preoperatoria (mediana 9,9 vs. 9,3 mg/dl, p=0,035; OR ajustado 2,79) y menor elevación de fosfatasa alcalina en el posoperatorio (333 vs. 436 UI/l, p=0,031; OR ajustado 0,99). La recidiva se presentó más frecuentemente luego de la PTXT+AI (48,9%; OR ajustado 4,66), que en la PTXS (25,8%). Conclusiones: el tiempo en diálisis con inadecuado control metabólico constituye el principal factor para la recurrencia del HPT. Se postula que la mayor calcemia preoperatoria está relacionada con un HPT más severo y se asocia a recurrencia. Llamativamente, hallamos menores elevaciones de la fosfatasa alcalina durante el posoperatorio en pacientes con recurrencia. Hipotetizamos que esto pueda asociarse con menor mineralización en el posoperatorio e hiperfosfatemia sostenida, con consecuente estímulo paratiroideo. La menor recurrencia del HPT luego de la PTXS se vincula al sesgo generado en la selección del tipo de cirugía. (AU)

Parathyroidectomy is an effective therapy for refractory secondary hyperparathyroidism (sHPT). Continued dialysis represents risk for recurrent sHPT. The aim of this study was to estimate the proportion of recurrence and determine its predictors. Methods: We conducted a retrospective observational study of 92 adults in chronic dialysis, who underwent their first parathyroidectomy in this center between 2006 and 2015. We considered persistence of sHPT if PTH was > 300 pg/ml during the first postoperative semester, and recurrence if it was > 500 pg/ml afterwards. Results: Age 43.6+-12 y/o, 50% female, 4.6 years on dialysis, median preoperative PTH 1636 pg/ml (IQR 1226-2098). Subtotal parathyroidectomy (sPTX) was performed in 39, Total with autotransplantation (TA-PTX) in 53 patients. Persistence of sHPT occurred in 16 patients; relapse in 30 out of 76 with adequate initially response (39.5%; 95CI 28,5-50,5). Median time to recurrence: 4.7 y. Recurring patients had higher preoperative calcemia (9.9 vs 9.3 mg/dl; adj OR 2.79) and lower postoperative elevation of ALP (333 vs 436 UI/ml; adj OR 0.99). Recurrence presented more frequently in TA-PTX (48.9%; adj OR 4.66) than sPTX (25.8%). Conclusions: Time on dialysis with inadequate metabolic control remains the most important risk factor for sHPT recurrence. Higher preoperative levels of calcemia, related to sHPT severity, are associated with recurrence. Lower elevations of ALP during postoperative period in recurring patients are an interesting finding. We hypothesize that patients with less significant postoperative mineralization may have chronically higher levels of phosphatemia, stimulating parathyroid glands. Fewer recurrence in sPTX is associated to a bias in the procedure selection. (AU)

Chronic kidney disease is a main confounding factor for 25-vitamin D measurement / A doença renal crônica é um importante fator de confusão para a dosagem de 25-hidroxivitamina D

Abstract Background: Current guidelines recommend assessment of 25-vitamin D status in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Although significant differences among assays have been described, the impact of CKD on this variability has never been tested. Methods: We tested the variability between two 25-vitamin D assays in patients with CKD (eGFR < 60 mL/min/1.73m2) who had consecutive 25-vitamin D measurements in 2015 (Assay 1 - Diasorin LIASON 25 TOTAL - D assay®) and 2016 (Assay 2 - Beckman Coulter Unicel Xl 800®). The cohort consisted of 791 adult patients (122 with normal renal function and 669 with CKD - 33, 30, and 37% in stages 3, 4, and 5 on dialysis, respectively). Results: Levels of 25-vitamin D were lower and the prevalence of hypovitaminosis D using assay 1 was higher than using assay 2 in patients with CKD, regardless of similar levels of calcium, phosphate, and parathyroid hormone. As kidney function decreased, the percentage of disagreement between the assays increased. Conclusion: There is a noteworthy variability between assays in patients with CKD such that the diagnosis of hypovitaminosis D is modified. The mechanism behind this result is still unclear and might be due to a possible interference in the analytical process. However, the clinical significance is unquestionable, as the supplementation of vitamin D can be erroneously prescribed to these patients.

Resumo Antecedentes: As diretrizes atuais recomendam a avaliação do estado da 25-hidroxivitamina D em pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC). Embora significativas diferenças entre os ensaios tenham sido descritas, o impacto da nesta variabilidade DRC nunca foi testado. Métodos: Testamos a variabilidade entre dois ensaios de 25-hidroxivitamina D em pacientes com DRC (TFGe < 60 mL/min/1,73 m2) que realizaram medidas consecutivas de 25-hidroxivitamina D em 2015 (Ensaio 1 - Diasorin LIASON 25 TOTAL - D assay® ) e 2016 (Ensaio 2 - Beckman Coulter Unicel Xl 800®). A coorte consistiu de 791 pacientes adultos (122 com função renal normal e 669 com DRC - 33, 30 e 37% nos estágios 3, 4 e 5 em diálise, respectivamente). Resultados: Os níveis de 25-hidroxivitamina D foram menores e a prevalência de hipovitaminose D foi maior utilizando o ensaio 1 do que com o ensaio 2 em pacientes com DRC, independentemente dos níveis similares de cálcio, fosfato e paratormônio. Quando a função renal diminuiu, a porcentagem de discordância entre os ensaios aumentou. Conclusão: Existe uma notável variabilidade entre os ensaios em pacientes com DRC, de modo a modificar o diagnóstico de hipovitaminose D. O mecanismo por trás desse resultado ainda não está claro e pode ser devido a uma possível interferência no processo analítico. Entretanto, o significado clínico é inquestionável, pois a suplementação de vitamina D pode ser erroneamente prescrita a esses pacientes.

Relationship between Obesity and Coronary Artery Disease Defined by Coronary Computed Tomography Angiography

Abstract Background: Although associated with traditional cardiovascular risk factors, it is unclear whether obesity alone is associated with coronary artery disease (CAD). Objective: To investigate the role of obesity as a risk factor for CAD, defined by coronary computed tomography angiography (CCTA). Methods: This study retrospectively included 1,814 patients referred for CCTA in a hospital in São Paulo, from August 2010 to July 2012. CAD was identified by coronary calcium score and presence of coronary stenosis > 50%. Images were analyzed by two specialists, and the coronary findings were compared between obese and non-obese groups. A multivariate analysis model was used to assess obesity as an independent variable for the occurrence of obstructive CAD. Results: Among the study population, mean age was 58.5 +/- 11.5 years, 22.8% were obese (BMI = 30 kg/m2) and 66.3% were male. The prevalence of obstructive CAD was 18.4% in both groups. Obese patients had higher median calcium score compared to non-obese subjects (14.7 vs. 1.4, respectively, p = 0.019). In the multivariate analysis, obesity was not an independent factor for obstructive CAD (coefficient = -0.035, p = 0.102). Conclusion: Although no differences were observed in the prevalence of obstructive CAD between obese and non-obese individuals, coronary calcium scores were significantly in lower the latter group.

Association between hypocalcemia and rivaroxaban in coagulation disorders: a case report / Associação entre hipocalcemia e rivaroxaban em distúrbios de coagulação: relato de caso

ABSTRACT We describe a patient with tertiary hyperparathyroidism with history of three episodes of deep vein thrombosis and on rivaroxaban. The patient underwent a subtotal parathyroidectomy, developing cervical hematoma with airway compression. Therefore, emergency surgical decompression was necessary. Later, on the ninth postoperative day, the serum ionized calcium levels were low. Medical team knowledge about preexisting diseases and their implication in the coagulation state are essential conditions to reduce morbidity and mortality of surgeries. However, no reports were found in literature about the association of hypocalcemia with the use of the new class of anticoagulants, which act as factor X inhibitors (Stuart-Prower factor), predisposing to increased bleeding in the immediate postoperative period.

RESUMO Descrevemos um paciente com hiperparatireoidismo terciário com história de três episódios de trombose venosa profunda e em uso de rivaroxabana. O paciente foi submetido a uma paratireoidectomia subtotal, desenvolvendo hematoma cervical com compressão das vias aéreas. Foi necessária descompressão cirúrgica de emergência. No nono dia de pós-operatório, os níveis séricos de cálcio iônico estavam baixos. O conhecimento da equipe médica sobre doenças preexistentes e de sua implicação no estado de coagulação é condição indispensável para a redução da morbimortalidade do procedimento cirúrgico. No entanto, não há relatos na literatura associando hipocalcemia com o uso da nova classe de anticoagulantes que atuam como inibidores do fator X (fator de Stuart-Prower), predispondo ao aumento do sangramento no pós-operatório imediato.

Relations between serum magnesium and calcium levels and body composition and metabolic parameters in women with fibromyalgia

Abstract Objective: Correlate serum magnesium (Mg) and Calcium (Ca) levels with body composition and metabolic parameters in women with fibromyalgia (FM). Patients and methods: Cross-sectional study compared with a control group paired by age and body mass index (BMI) of adult women diagnosed with fibromyalgia. All participants went through assessment of their body composition through dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) and had blood samples collected for dosing of Mg, Ca, C-reactive Protein (CRP), lipidogram and glycemia. Results: 53 women with FM (average age 48.1 ±8.2 years, average BMI 26.6 ±4.5 kg/m2) and 50 control women (average age 47.1 ±9.9 years, average BMI 25.6 ± 3.6 kg/m2) participated in the study. Serum levels turned out to have inverse correlation with CRP in the FM group (r = −0.29, p = 0.03) and with BMI and glycemia in the control group (r = 0.31; p = 0.02 and r = 0.48; p = 0.0004 respectively). Serum levels of calcium correlated with triglycerides (r = 0.29; p = 0.03) in the FM group and with glycemia in the control group (r = 0.64; p = 0.0001). Conclusions: In patients with FM, magnesemia turned out to have inverse correlation with CRP and calcemia had positive association with triglycerides.(AU)

The effects of intro-oral parathyroid hormone on the healing of tooth extraction socket: an experimental study on hyperglycemic rats

Abstract Objective To investigate the effects of intro-oral injection of parathyroid hormone (PTH) on tooth extraction wound healing in hyperglycemic rats. Methodology 60 male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into the normal group (n=30) and DM group (n=30). Type 1 diabetes mellitus (DM) was induced by streptozotocin. After extracting the left first molar of all rats, each group was further divided into 3 subgroups (n=10 per subgroup), receiving the administration of intermittent PTH, continuous PTH and saline (control), respectively. The intermittent-PTH group received intra-oral injection of PTH three times per week for two weeks. A thermosensitive controlled-release hydrogel was synthesized for continuous-PTH administration. The serum chemistry was determined to evaluate the systemic condition. All animals were sacrificed after 14 days. Micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) and histological analyses were used to evaluate the healing of extraction sockets. Results The level of serum glucose in the DM groups was significantly higher than that in the non-DM groups (p<0.05); the level of serum calcium was similar in all groups (p>0.05). Micro-CT analysis showed that the DM group had a significantly lower alveolar bone trabecular number (Tb.N) and higher trabecular separation (Tb.Sp) than the normal group (p<0.05). The histological analyses showed that no significant difference in the amount of new bone (hard tissue) formation was found between the PTH and non-PTH groups (p>0.05). Conclusions Bone formation in the extraction socket of the type 1 diabetic rats was reduced. PTH did not improve the healing of hard and soft tissues. The different PTH administration regimes (continuous vs. intermittent) had similar effect on tissue healing. These results demonstrated that the metabolic characteristics of the hyperglycemic rats produced a condition that was unable to respond to PTH treatment.

Metabolic and volume status evaluation of hemodialysis patients with and without residual renal function in the long interdialytic interval / Avaliação metabólica e volêmica no maior intervalo interdialítico de pacientes em hemodiálise com e sem função renal residual

Abstract Introduction: It is unclear whether residual renal function (RRF) in dialysis patients can attenuate the metabolic impact of the long 68-hour interdialytic interval, in which water, acid, and electrolyte accumulation occurs. Objective: to evaluate serum electrolyte levels, water balance, and acid-base status in dialytic patients with and without RRF over the long interdialytic interval (LII). Methodology: this was a single-center, cross-sectional, and analytical study that compared patients with and without RRF, defined by diuresis above 200 mL in 24 hours. Patients were weighed and serum samples were collected for biochemical and gasometric analysis at the beginning and at the end of the LII. Results: 27 and 24 patients with and without RRF were evaluated, respectively. Patients without RRF had a higher increase in serum potassium during the LII (2.67 x 1.14 mEq/L, p < 0.001), reaching higher values at the end of the study (6.8 x 5.72 mEq/L, p < 0.001) and lower pH value at the beginning of the interval (7.40 x 7.43, p = 0.018). More patients with serum bicarbonate < 18 mEq/L (50 x 14.8%, p = 0.007) and mixed acid-base disorder (57.7 x 29.2%, p = 0.042), as well as greater interdialytic weight gain (14.67 x 8.87 mL/kg/h, p < 0.001) and lower natremia (137 x 139 mEq/L, p = 0.02) at the end of the interval. Calcemia and phosphatemia were not different between the groups. Conclusion: Patients with RRF had better control of serum potassium, sodium, acid-base status, and volemia throughout the LII.

Resumo Introdução: Não se sabe ao certo se a função renal residual (FRR) de pacientes dialíticos pode atenuar o impacto metabólico do maior intervalo interdialítico (MII) de 68 horas, no qual ocorre acúmulo de volume, ácidos e eletrólitos. Objetivo: Avaliar os níveis séricos de eletrólitos, balanço hídrico e status ácido-básico de pacientes dialíticos com e sem FRR ao longo do MII. Metodologia: Tratou-se de estudo unicêntrico, transversal e analítico, que comparou pacientes com e sem FRR, definida como diurese acima de 200 mL em 24 horas. Para tal, os pacientes foram pesados e submetidos à coleta de amostras séricas para análise bioquímica e gasométrica no início e fim do MII. Resultados: Foram avaliados 27 e 24 pacientes com e sem FRR, respectivamente. Pacientes sem FRR apresentaram maior aumento de potássio sérico durante o MII (2,67 x 1,14 mEq/L, p < 0,001) atingindo valores mais elevados no fim (6,8 x 5,72 mEq/L, p < 0,001); menor valor de pH no início do intervalo (7,40 x 7,43, p = 0,018), maior proporção de pacientes com bicarbonato sérico < 18 mEq/L (50 x 14,8 %, p = 0,007) e distúrbio ácido-básico misto (70,8 x 42,3 %, p = 0,042), além de maior ganho de peso interdialítico (14,67 x 8,87 mL/kg/h, p < 0,001) e menor natremia (137 x 139 mEq/L, p = 0,02) no fim do intervalo. A calcemia e fosfatemia não foram diferentes entre os grupos. Conclusão: Pacientes com FRR apresentaram melhor controle dos níveis séricos de potássio, sódio, status ácido-básico e da volemia ao longo do MII.

Hipercalciuria idiopática ¿se pueden evitar los diuróticos? / Idiopathic hypercalciuria: can the diuretics be avoided?

La hipercalciuria idiopática se define como la excreció;n de calcio superior a 220 y 300 mg/día en mujeres y hombres respectivamente o bien mayor a 4 mg/kg peso. En mujeres con osteoporosis se observa en el 19% de los casos, mientras que en litiasis renal varía entre el 50 y 70%. Seleccionamos 206 pacientes hipercalció;ºricos, de nuestra base de datos, con y sin litiasis renal, a los que se les había indicado una dieta restringida. Luego los dividimos, de acuerdo a la respuesta, en dieta dependiente y dieta independiente. De estos solo consideramos 122 pacientes con diagnó;sticos de hipercalciuria dieta-dependiente (105 mujeres y 17 hombres), que fueron seguidos con control dietario (800 mg de calcio, alrededor de 1 g de proteínas animales y < 100 mEq de sodio diarios). No se consideró; la aparició;n de cálculos, o la recurrencia de los mismos, como tampoco el compromiso ó;seo. Luego de una media de 17 meses todos tenían controlada la calciuria e incluso hubo 16 (13%) que luego de 42 meses de seguimiento persistían normocalció;ºricos solo con dieta. Concluimos que es fundamental la divisió;n de las hipercalciurias, segó;ºn su respuesta a una dieta restringida, con el fin de evitar o postergar el uso de diuró;©ticos y sus efectos adversos, con una administració;n adecuada de la dieta.

Idiopathic hypercalciuria is defined as calcium excretion greater than 220 and 300 mg / day in women and men respectively, or greater than 4 mg / kg body weight. In women with osteoporosis it is observed in 19% of cases, while in kidney stones cases varies between 50 and 70%. We selected 206 hypercalciuric patients from our database, with and without renal lithiasis, to whom a restricted diet had been indicated. We divided them, according to the response, into a dependent diet and an independent diet. We considered 122 patients with diagnosis of hypercalciuria diet dependent (105 women and 17 men), which were followed with dietary control (800 mg of calcium, around 1 g of animal proteins and < 100 mEq sodium a day). The appearance of stones, or the recurrence of stones, was not considered, nor was bone involvement. After an average of 17 months, everyone had their calciuria controlled and there were even 16 (13%) who, after 42 months of follow-up, continued to be normocalciuric only on a diet. We conclude that the division of the hypercalciurias is fundamental, according to their response to a restricted diet, in order to avoid or postpone the use of diuretics and its adverse effects, with an adequate management of the diet.

Effect of spironolactone on the progression of coronary calcification in peritoneal dialysis patients: a pilot study / Efeito da espironolactona na progressão da calcificação coronariana em pacientes em diálise peritoneal: um estudo piloto

ABSTRACT Introduction: There is evidence that aldosterone plays a role in the pathogenesis of vascular calcification. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of spironolactone, a mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, on the progression of coronary calcification (CC) in peritoneal dialysis patients and to identify the factors involved in this progression. Methods: Thirty-three patients with a coronary calcium score (CCS) ≥ 30, detected through multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) and expressed in Agatston units, were randomly assigned to a group receiving 25mg spironolactone per day for 12 months (spironolactone group) and a control group not receiving this drug. The primary outcome was a percentage change in CCS from baseline to end of the study (relative progression), when a further MDCT was conducted. Patients who had progression of CC were compared with those who did not progress. Results: Sixteen patients, seven in the spironolactone group and nine in the control group, concluded the study. The relative progression of the CCS was similar in both groups, 17.2% and 27.5% in the spironolactone and control groups respectively. Fifty-seven percent of the treated patients and 67% of those in the control group presented progression in the CC scores (p = 0.697). Progressor patients differed from non-progressors because they presented higher levels of calcium and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and lower levels of albumin. Conclusion: In peritoneal dialysis patients, spironolactone did not attenuate the progression of CC. However, large-scale studies are needed to confirm this observation. Disorders of mineral metabolism and dyslipidemia are involved in the progression of CC.

RESUMO Introdução: Existem evidências de que a aldosterona exerça um papel na patogênese da calcificação vascular. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da espironolactona, um antagonista do receptor mineralocorticoide, na progressão da calcificação coronariana (CC) de pacientes em diálise peritoneal, e identificar os fatores envolvidos nessa progressão. Métodos: Trinta e três pacientes com escore de cálcio coronariano (ECC) ≥ 30, detectado por tomografia computadorizada com múltiplos detectores (TCMD) e expresso em unidades de Agatston, foram randomizados para um grupo que recebeu 25 mg de espironolactona por dia durante 12 meses (grupo espironolactona) e um grupo controle que não recebeu este medicamento. O desfecho primário foi a mudança percentual do ECC do início para o final do estudo (progressão relativa), quando uma nova TCMD foi realizada. Os pacientes que tiveram progressão de CC foram comparados com aqueles que não progrediram. Resultados: Dezesseis pacientes, sete no grupo espironolactona e nove no grupo controle, concluíram o estudo. A progressão relativa do ECC foi semelhante nos dois grupos, 17,2% e 27,5% nos grupos espironolactona e controle, respectivamente. Cinquenta e sete por cento dos pacientes tratados e 67% daqueles no grupo controle apresentaram progressão nos escores de CC (p = 0,697). Os pacientes progressores diferiram dos não progressores porque apresentaram níveis séricos mais elevados de cálcio e LDL-colesterol e menores níveis de albumina. Conclusão: Em pacientes em diálise peritoneal, a espironolactona não atenuou a progressão da CC. No entanto, estudos em grande escala são necessários para confirmar essa observação. Distúrbios do metabolismo mineral e dislipidemia estão envolvidos na progressão da CC.

The impact of cinacalcet in the mineral metabolism markers of patients on dialysis with severe secondary hyperparathyroidism / Impacto de cinacalcete em marcadores do metabolismo mineral de pacientes em diálise portadores de hiperparatireoidismo secundário grave

Abstract Introduction: Treating secondary hyperparathyroidism (SHPT), a common condition associated with death in patients with chronic kidney disease, is a challenge for nephrologists. Calcimimetics have allowed the introduction of drug therapies no longer based on phosphate binders and active vitamin D. This study aimed to assess the safety and effectiveness of cinacalcet in managing chronic dialysis patients with severe SHPT. Methods: This retrospective study included 26 patients [age: 52 ± 12 years; 55% females; time on dialysis: 54 (4-236) months] on hemodialysis (N = 18) or peritoneal dialysis (N = 8) with severe SHPT (intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) level > 600 pg/mL) and hyperphosphatemia and/or persistent hypercalcemia treated with cinacalcet. The patients were followed for 12 months. Their serum calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and iPTH levels were measured at baseline and on days 30, 60, 90, 180, and 365. Results: Patients with hyperphosphatemia (57.7%), hypercalcemia (23%), or both (19.3%) with iPTH > 600 pg/mL were prescribed cinacalcet. At the end of the study, decreases were observed in iPTH (1348 ± 422 vs. 440 ± 210 pg/mL; p < 0.001), Ca (9.5 ± 1.0 vs. 9.1 ± 0.6 mg/dl; p = 0.004), P (6.0 ± 1.3 vs. 4.9 ± 1.1 mg/dl; p < 0.001), and ALP (202 ± 135 vs. 155 ± 109 IU/L; p = 0.006) levels. Adverse events included hypocalcemia (26%) and digestive problems (23%). At the end of the study, 73% of the patients were on active vitamin D and cinacalcet. Three (11.5%) patients on peritoneal dialysis did not respond to therapy with cinacalcet, and their iPTH levels were never below 800 pg/mL. Conclusion: Cinacalcet combined with traditional therapy proved safe and effective and helped manage the mineral metabolism of patients with severe SHPT.

Resumo Introdução: O tratamento do hiperparatireoidismo secundário (HPTs), patologia comum e associada à mortalidade na doença renal crônica, é um desafio para o nefrologista. Advento dos calcimiméticos propiciou terapêutica medicamentosa diferente da usual, baseada em quelantes de fósforo e vitamina D ativa. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar segurança e efetividade de cinacalcete no controle do HPTs grave de pacientes em diálise crônica. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo 26 pacientes [idade: 52 ± 12 anos; 55% mulheres; tempo em diálise: 54 (4-236) meses], em hemodiálise (N = 18) ou diálise peritoneal (N = 8), com HPTs grave (nível de paratormônio intacto (PTHi) > 600 pg/mL), com hiperfosfatemia e/ou hipercalcemia persistentes, em tratamento com cinacalcete. Período de seguimento de 12 meses. Avaliados níveis séricos de cálcio (Ca), fósforo (P), fosfatase alcalina (FA) e PTHi no início do seguimento, 30, 60, 90, 180 e 365 dias. Resultados: Indicações para início do cinacalcete: hiperfosfatemia (57,7%), hipercalcemia (23%), ou ambos (19,3%) com PTH > 600 pg/mL. Ao final do seguimento, observada redução dos níveis PTHi (1348 ± 422 vs. 440 ± 210 pg/mL; p < 0,001), Ca (9,5 ± 1,0 vs. 9,1 ± 0,6 mg/dl; p = 0,004), P (6,0 ± 1,3 vs. 4,9 ± 1,1 mg/dl; p < 0,001) e FA (202 ± 135 vs. 155 ± 109 UI/L; p = 0,006). Eventos adversos: hipocalcemia (26%) e queixas digestivas (23%). No fim do estudo, 73% pacientes utilizavam vitamina D ativada associada ao cinacalcete. Três (11,5%) pacientes, todos em DP, não responderam ao cinacalcete, mantendo níveis PTHi > 800 pg/mL. Conclusão: Utilização de cinacalcete, associado à terapia tradicional, em pacientes com HPTs grave foi segura, eficiente e associada a melhor controle do metabolismo mineral.

Prediction of bone mass changes after successful parathyroidectomy using biochemical markers of bone metabolism in primary hyperparathyroidism: is it clinically useful?

ABSTRACT Objective To measure type 1 serum amino-terminal propeptide procollagen (P1NP) and type 1 cross-linked C-terminal telopeptide collagen (CTX) before parathyroidectomy (PTX) in PHPT patients, correlating these measurements with bone mineral density (BMD) changes. Subjects and methods 31 primary hyperparathyroidism (HPTP) were followed from diagnosis up to 12-18 months after surgery. Serum levels of calcium, parathyroid hormone (PTH) vitamin D, CTX, P1NP, and BMD were measured before and 1 year after surgery. Results One year after PTX, the mean BMD increased by 8.6%, 5.5%, 5.5%, and 2.2% in the lumbar spine, femoral neck (FN), total hip (TH), and distal third of the nondominant radius (R33%), respectively. There was a significant correlation between BMD change 1 year after the PTX and CTX (L1-L4: r = 0.614, p < 0.0003; FN: r = 0.497, p < 0.0051; TH: r = 0.595, p < 0.0005; R33%: r = 0.364, p < 0.043) and P1NP (L1-L4: r = 0,687, p < 0,0001; FN: r = 0,533, p < 0,0024; TH: r = 0,642, p < 0,0001; R33%: r = 0,467, p < 0,0079) preoperative levels. The increase in 25(OH)D levels has no correlation with BMD increase (r = -0.135; p = 0.4816). On linear regression, a minimum preoperative CTX value of 0.331 ng/mL or P1NP of 37.9 ng/mL was associated with a minimum 4% increase in L1-L4 BMD. In TH, minimum preoperative values of 0.684 ng/mL for CTX and 76.0 ng/mL for P1NP were associated with a ≥ 4% increase in BMD. Conclusion PHPT patients presented a significant correlation between preoperative levels of turnover markers and BMD improvement 1 year after PTX.

Concentración de fluoruro en agua subterránea y su relación con los niveles de calcio sérico en niños residentes en el distrito de Loreto, Concepción, Paraguay / Fluoride concentration in groundwater and its relationship with serum calcium levels in children living in Loreto, Concepción, Paraguay

Como parte del ciclo biogeoquímico, el fluoruro del suelo puede disolverse e ingresar al agua. La Organización Mundial de la Salud y la Norma Paraguaya NP 24 001 80 establecen una concentración máxima de 1,5 mg.L-1 de fluoruro en agua de consumo, pudiendo producir fluorosis cuando es elevada, tal como se encontró en niños residentes de Loreto. Estudios indican que la exposición al fluoruro concomitante al déficit de calcio puede agravar la pérdida de masa ósea, causando fragilidad y fluorosis esquelética. Además, se demostró mediante bioensayos en ratones que el exceso de fluoruro reduce la concentración de calcio sérico, por lo que el objetivo del estudio descriptivo con componente analítico fue elaborar un mapa de distribución espacial de fluoruro del agua subterránea de Loreto y relacionar con la calcemia en niños. Se determinó la concentración de fluoruro en muestras de veintitrés pozos de agua subterránea y el calcio sérico de dieciocho niños en edad escolar, ambos por método normalizado. Se identificaron dos pozos con concentraciones superiores al máximo permitido y en 61% de los niños el calcio sérico fue inferior al valor de referencia. Se encontró una correlación débil entre las variables (r = 0,212). El estudio proporciona información relevante sobre sitios con elevadas concentraciones de fluoruro lo que representa un riesgo para la salud pues aun con ingesta adecuada de calcio, los niños presentaron hipocalcemia. Sería importante incluir en estudios posteriores factores no abordados en esta investigación para una evaluación más completa del riesgo de la población expuesta(AU)

As part of the biogeochemical cycle, soil fluoride can dissolve and accumulate in groundwater. World Health Organization and the Paraguayan Standard NP 24 001 80 establishes of 1.5 mg.L-1 of fluoride in drinking water, which can produce fluorosis when it is higher, as it has been found in children of Loreto. Studies indicate that exposure to fluoride concomitant with calcium deficit may aggravate bone loss, causing frailty and skeletal fluorosis. In addition, it was demonstrated through bioassays in mice that excess fluoride reduces serum calcium concentration, the objective of the descriptive study with the analytical component has become a spatial distribution map of Loreto groundwater and related to calcemia in children. The fluoride concentration was determined in samples from twenty-three groundwater wells and serum calcium from eighteen school-age children, both by standard method. Two points were identified with levels above the maximum allowed and in 61% of the children the serum calcium was lower than the reference value. We found a weak correlation between the variables (r = 0.212). It would be important to include in later studies factors not addressed in this research for a more complete risk assessment of the exposed population(AU)

Hypoparathyroidism: what is the best calcium carbonate supplementation intake form? / Hipoparatireoidismo: qual é a melhor forma de ingestão de suplemento de carbonato de cálcio?

Abstract Introduction: In hypoparathyroidism, calcium supplementation using calcium carbonate is necessary for the hypocalcemia control. The best calcium carbonate intake form is unknown, be it associated with feeding, juice or in fasting. Objective: The objective was to evaluate the calcium, phosphorus and calcium × phosphorus product serum levels of hypoparathyroidism women after total thyroidectomy, following calcium carbonate intake in three different forms. Methods: A crossover study was carried out with patients presenting definitive hypoparathyroidism, assessed in different situations (fasting, with water, orange juice, breakfast with a one-week washout). Through the review of clinical data records of tertiary hospital patients from 1994 to 2010, 12 adult women (18-50 years old) were identified and diagnosed with definitive post-thyroidectomy hypoparathyroidism. The laboratory results of calcium and phosphorus serum levels dosed before and every 30 min were assessed, for 5 h, after calcium carbonate intake (elementary calcium 500 mg). Results: The maximum peak average values for calcium, phosphorus and calcium × phosphorus product were 8.63 mg/dL (water), 8.77 mg/dL (orange juice) and 8.95 mg/dL (breakfast); 4.04 mg/dL (water), 4.03 mg/dL (orange juice) and 4.12 mg/dL (breakfast); 34.3 mg2/dL2 (water), 35.8 mg2/dL2 (orange juice) and 34.5 mg2/dL2 (breakfast), respectively, and the area under the curve 2433 mg/dL min (water), 2577 mg/dL min (orange juice) and 2506 mg/dL min (breakfast), 1203 mg/dL min (water), 1052 mg/dL min (orange juice) and 1128 mg/dL min (breakfast), respectively. There was no significant difference among the three different tests (p > 0.05). Conclusion: The calcium, phosphorus and calcium × phosphorus product serum levels evolved in a similar fashion in the three calcium carbonate intake forms.

Resumo Introdução: No hipoparatireoidismo, a suplementação de cálcio com carbonato de cálcio é necessária para o controle da hipocalcemia. A melhor forma de ingestão de carbonato de cálcio ainda é desconhecida, seja concomitante com alimentação, no suco ou em jejum. Objetivo: Avaliar os níveis séricos de cálcio, fósforo e produto cálcio-fósforo em mulheres pós-tireoidectomia por hipoparatireoidismo, após a ingestão de carbonato de cálcio em três formas diferentes. Método: Foi realizado um estudo cruzado em pacientes com hipoparatireoidismo definitivo, avaliados em diferentes situações (em jejum, com água, suco de laranja, café da manhã, após washout de uma semana). A revisão dos prontuários dos pacientes de um hospital terciário de 1994 a 2010 identificou 12 mulheres adultas (18-50 anos), diagnosticadas com hipoparatireoidismo definitivo pós-tireoidectomia. Os resultados laboratoriais dos níveis séricos de cálcio e fósforo foram mensurados antes e a cada 30 minutos durante 5 horas, após a ingestão de carbonato de cálcio (cálcio elementar 500 mg). Resultados: Os valores de pico máximo médio de cálcio, fósforo e produto cálcio-fósforo foram 8,63 mg/dL (água), 8,77 mg/dL (suco de laranja) e 8,95 mg/dL (café da manhã); 4,04 mg/dL (água), 4,03 mg/dL (suco de laranja) e 4,12 mg/dL (café da manhã); 34,3 mg2/dL2 (água), 35,8 mg2/dL2 (suco de laranja) e 34,5 mg2/dL2 (café da manhã), respectivamente, e a área sob a curva foi 2.433 mg/dL.min. (água), 2.577 mg/dL.min. (suco de laranja) e 2.506 mg/dL.min. (café da manhã), 1.203 mg/dL.min. (água), 1.052 mg/dL.min. (suco de laranja) e 1.128 mg/dL.min. (café da manhã), respectivamente. Não houve diferença significante entre os três diferentes testes (p > 0,05). Conclusão: Os níveis séricos de cálcio, fósforo e produto cálcio-fósforo evoluíram de forma semelhante nas três formas de ingestão de carbonato de cálcio.

Leucemia de células plasmáticas primaria: experiencia en un hospital público chileno / Primary plasma cell leukemia: report of five cases

Background: Primary plasma cell leukemia (pPCL) is uncommon, aggressive and has a different biology than multiple myeloma (MM). Aim: To report the features of patients with pPCL. Material and Methods: Review of databases of the Hematology Department and the Hematology laboratory. Results: Of 178 patients with monoclonal gammopathies, five (2.8%) patients aged 33 to 64 years (three females) had a pPCL. The mean hemoglobin was 7.3 g/dL, the mean white blood cell count was 52,500/mm3, with 58% plasma cells, and the mean platelet count was 83,600/mm3. The mean bone marrow infiltration was 89%, LDH was 2,003 IU/L, serum calcium was 13 mg/dL, and creatinine 1.5 mg/dL. Two patients had bone lesions. Three were IgG, one IgA lambda and one lambda light chain. CD20 was positive in one, CD56 was negative in all and CD117 was negative in 3 cases. By conventional cytogenetic analysis, two had a complex karyotype. By Fluorescence in situ Hybridization, one was positive for TP53 and another for t (11; 14). One patient did not receive any treatment, three patients received VTD PACE and one CTD. None underwent transplant. Three patients are alive. The mean survival was 14 months. Conclusions: These patients with pPCL were younger and had a more aggressive clinical outcome than in multiple myeloma.

Hipercalcemia severa en el curso de rabdomiolisis: caso clínico / Rhabdomyolysis and severe hypercalcemia: report of one case

Rhabdomyolysis (RD) is the process that leads to cell destruction of striated muscle. Causes include inherited metabolic defects or acquired disorders. RD is frequently associated with acute kidney injury (AKI) and disorders of calcium metabolism. We report a 33 year old man that after amphetamine consumption and an uninterrupted 3,000 km driving presented vomiting, muscle pain and dark urine. He had elevated creatinkinase levels, severe hypocalcemia and an acute renal failure. He was treated with hemodialysis and calcitriol. He was transferred to our hospital and on admission a serum calcium of 18 mg/dl was detected. He continued on hemodialysis, recovering renal function and with normalization of creatinkinase levels and serum calcium level.

Relation between magnesium and calcium and parameters of pain, quality of life and depression in women with fibromyalgia

Abstract Objective: Determine food intake and levels of serum magnesium (Mg) and calcium (Ca) and correlate these minerals with pain, quality of life and depression risk in women with and without fibromyalgia (FM). Patients and methods: Fifty-three women diagnosed with FM and 50 healthy women participated in the study, where all of them had equivalent age and body mass index (BMI). All women underwent anthropometric assessment, physical exams of pain perception threshold and tender point (TP) count, blood sample collection, and filling out of FM impact questionnaire (FIQ), Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9), and 3-day dietary record (DR). Results: Dietary intake of Mg and Ca was substantially lower by women with FM. There were no differences in levels of serum Mg and Ca in the groups under analysis. For the FM group, dietary intake of Mg and Ca had inverse correlation with TP and direct relation with the pain threshold. Conclusions: Although women with FM had lower dietary intake of Mg and Ca, serum levels for these nutrients were not different between the groups. Low dietary intake of minerals correlated with worsened pain threshold parameters.